The Intelligent Investor Book Review: The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham, also referred to as the bible of the stock market, was originally written in 1949 by Benjamin Graham, a legendary investor and also known as the father of value investing. Interesting, Benjamin Graham was also the mentor and professor of the well-known billionaire investor, Warren Buffett.
The revised 2006 edition of the book “The Intelligent Investor” has added commentary by Jason Zweig, a famous wall-street investor, and editor. These added commentaries are used to relate Graham’s idea to the present world. Further, the commentaries highlight those sections of the book concepts that have time-tested techniques. This edition has over 600 pages (although originally around 450-500 pages but the added commentaries in the revised edition increased the size of the book). Overall, it’s a classic book with multiple value investing concepts along with quick notes.
In this article, we’ll cover The Intelligent Investor Book Review along with a discussion few of the best concepts covered by Benjamin Graham.
Table of Contents
Why You Should Read “The Intelligent Investor”?
Warren Buffett (worth over $102 billion dollars) says- “This book is by far the best book on investing ever written”.
Needless to mention that this book is Warren Buffett’s all-time favorite. He also admitted that the book helped him in developing a strong conceptual framework for his future investments and capital allocations. Further, he made the following remarks about the book in its preface:
- Investing doesn’t require a stratospheric IQ, unusual business insights, or inside information. What’s needed is a sound intellectual framework for making decisions and the ability to keep emotions from corroding that framework. This book precisely and clearly prescribes the proper framework.
- Pay special attention to chapters 8 & 20 in the book.
- Outstanding results are based on three things – Effort, Research, amplitudes of the market (This book will allow you to profit from them, not participate)
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The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham book is a must-read for all the stock market investors and has many valuable concepts. The first few chapters of the book are dedicated to the general financial market concepts. As the book was originally written in 1949, the book also consists of lots of details about the bond market, preferred stocks & inflation.
The next few chapters describe the methods to analyze stocks using ratios, balance sheets, cash flow, etc. The second half of the book is of more importance for the stock investors as it explains the different strategies of the defensive & enterprising investors, along with chapters on management, dividend policy, and case studies.
Quick Read: 10 Must Read books for the Stock Market Investors
Intelligent Investor Book Review: The Three Main Concepts
Although there are lots of proven concepts covered in the book, however, the key three points in the book- The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham is summarized here:
1. Investing vs. Speculating
“An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and a satisfactory return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative.” – Benjamin Graham
Let’s understand this concept with the help of an example. Imagine you are planning to buy a printing press. Now, to buy this company you can use two approaches.
First, you visited the company, calculated the asset value of the printing shops, checked the total income and cash flow of the company, verified the effectiveness of the managers, calculated the total assets & liabilities, and then lastly come up with a final price for the printing company.
The second approach is that you met with the owner and decided to pay the price whatever he is asking for.
From the example, we can establish the difference between an investor and a speculator. The Investor follows the first approach while the speculator follows the other. Here is the key difference between these two:
| Investor | Speculator |
|---|---|
| Goes through proper analysis | Does not meet these standards |
| Considers the safety of principle | -------- |
| Gets adequate returns | -------- |
Here is the quote about Speculators by Benjamin Graham:
2. The margin of Safety
This is another one of the pronounced concepts introduced by Benjamin Franklin. He says that one should always invest with a margin of safety. Let us understand this by example.
Imagine you are in a construction business. You took an order to make a bridge, which can hold up to 8 tons. Now, as a constructor, you might consider making the bridge with an additional 2 tons of holding capacity so that it will not collapse in some extraordinary situation. Overall, you will make the bridge with a total of 10 tons of holding capacity. Here, your additional 2 tons is the margin of safety.
In the same way, while investing we should consider this margin of safety. It is the central concept of value investing. If you think a stock is valued at Rs 100 per share (fairly), there is no harm in giving yourself some benefit of the doubt that you may be wrong with this calculation. And hence, you should buy at Rs 70, Rs 80 or Rs 90 instead of Rs 100. Here, the difference in the calculated amount and your final price is your margin of safety.
Here is the quote about the importance of margin of safety by Benjamin Graham:
3. Mr. Market – The Pathetic Emotional Fool
In the book “The Intelligent Investor”, Graham tells a story about a man he calls Mr. Market. In the story, Mr. Market is a business partner of yours (Investors). Every day Mr. Market comes to your door and offers to either buy your stake of the partnership or sell his stake to you.
But here’s the catch: Mr. Market is an emotional man who lets his enthusiasm and despair affect the price he is willing to buy/sell shares on any given day. Because of this, on some days he’ll come to the door feeling jubilant and will offer you a high price for your share of the business and demand a similarly high price if you want to buy his.
On other days, Mr. Market will be inconsolably depressed and will be willing to sell you his stake for a very low price, but will also only give you the same lowball offer if you want to sell your stake.
On any given day, you can obviously buy or sell to Mr. Market. But, you also have the option of completely ignoring him i.e. you don’t need to trade at all with Mr. Market. If you do ignore him, he never holds it against you and always comes back the following day.
The intelligent investor will attempt to take advantage of Mr. Market by buying low and selling high. There is no need to feel guilty for ripping off Mr. Market; after all, he is setting the price. As an intelligent investor, you are doing business with him only when it’s to your advantage. That’s all.
The key point to note here is that though Mr. Market offers some great deals from time to time. Investors just have to remain alert and ready when the offers come up.
Now, like Mr. Market, the stock market also behaves in the same manner. The market swings give an intelligent investor the opportunities to buy low and sell high. Every day we can pull up quotes for various stocks or for the entire market as a whole. If you think the prices are low in relation to value, you can buy. If you think prices are high in relation to value, you can sell. Lastly, if prices fall somewhere in the grey area in between, you’re never forced to do either Mr. Market and Stock Market:
So, this is a value-oriented disciplined investing. Don’t fall victim to irrational exuberance if the underlying fundamentals of the company are strong. In short, do not react to the hyperboles of the market’s daily fluctuations. Don’t panic, don’t sell.
Intelligent Investor Book Review: Other key points
- A common stock portfolio is certain to fluctuate over any period of time. The investor should be prepared financially and psychologically for this fluctuation. Investors might want to make a profit from market-level changes. But this can lead to speculative attitudes and activities which can be dangerous. Anyways, if you want to speculate do so with your eyes open, and knowledge that you will probably lose money in the end.
- Graham’s Opinion on aggressive investing: The low probability of aggressive picks will out-weigh the gains collected over a long period of time. ‘The aggressive investor will expect to fare better than his passive equivalent, but his results may well be worse.’
That’s all. I hope this post about the ‘The Intelligent Investor Book Review & Summary’ is helpful to you. I will highly recommend you to get a copy of this book and start reading. There are many valuable concepts by Benjamin Graham that new and old stock investors should learn.
Do let me know your views about The Intelligent Investor in the comment section below. Take care and Happy Investing!
Kritesh (Tweet here) is the Founder & CEO of Trade Brains & FinGrad. He is an NSE Certified Equity Fundamental Analyst with +7 Years of Experience in Share Market Investing. Kritesh frequently writes about Share Market Investing and IPOs and publishes his personal insights on the market.
